The earliest evidence of occupation in Balochistan is dated to the Paleolithic, represented by hunting camps and lithic scatters (chipped and flaked stone tools). The earliest settled villages in Balochistan date to the ceramic Neolithic (c. 7000-6000 BCE), including the sites of Mehrgarh (located in the Kachi Plain, east of Quetta) and Kile Gull Mohammad. These villages expanded in size during the subsequent Chalcolithic, while interaction was amplified. This involved the movement of finished goods and raw materials, including chank shell, Lapis lazuli, turquoise and ceramics. By 2500 BCE (the Bronze Age) Balochistan became part of the Harappan cultural orbit, providing key resources to the expansive settlements of the Indus river basin to the east.
From the 1st century to the 3rd century AD, the region was ruled by the Pāratarājas (lit. "Pārata Kings"), a dynasty of Indo-Scythian or Indo-Parthian kings. The dynasty of the Pāratas is thought to be identical with the Pāradas of the Mahabharata, the Puranas and other vedic and Iranian sources.[1]
They are essentially known through their coins, which typically exhibit the bust of the ruler on the obverse, with long hair within a headband), and a Zoroastrian fire alter on the reverse (usually silver coins) or Kharoshthi (usually copper coins). The coins can mainly be found in Loralai in western Pakistan.
Herodotus in 450 BC describes the Paraitakenoi as a tribe ruled by Deiokes, a Persian king, in northwestern Persia (History I.101). Arrian describes how Alexander the Great encountered the Pareitakai in Bactria and Sogdiana, and had them conquered by Craterus (Anabasis Alexandrou IV). The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century AD) describes the territory of the Paradon beyond the Ommanitic region, on the coast of modern Balochistan.[2]
During the Arab conquest of the Persian empire in the 8th century, Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world and many settled in Balochistan and its tributary state until the rise of the Mughals. Numerous Baloch tribes, an Iranian people, moved into the area from the west in the 11th century to escape the Seljuk Turks. Western Balochistan was conquered by Iran in the 19th century, and its boundary was fixed in 1872. Omani influence waned in the east and Oman's last possession, Gwadar, was bought by Pakistan in 1958. In 1998, Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in the Pakistani province of Balochistan.
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Clinical Recommendations for the Medical Respite Setting
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The National HCH Council highlights the unique clinical work being offered in medical respite settings in this new publication. The recommendations focus on common admitting diagnoses from nine medical respite programs across the United States. Each diagnosis includes recommendations for assessment, management, prevention, and outcomes that can be used to determine discharge from the medical respite setting. Although this document is intended to be used primarily by clinicians working in the medical respite setting, it also acts as a compelling tool for describing to policy makers the recuperative care needs of people experiencing homelessness, which are often beyond the scope of acute care hospitals and homeless shelters.
Read the Clinical Recommendations for the Medical Respite Setting.
Sunrise of the Virgina Military Institute as a School of Arms, Woodrow Wilson,The Acadians (French: Acadiens, IPA: [akadjɛ̃]) are the descendants of the 17th-century French colonists who settled in Acadia (located in the Canadian Maritime provinces – Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island – as well as part of Quebec, and in the U.S. state of Maine).
Acadia was a colony of New France. Although today most of the Acadians and Québécois are French speaking (francophone) Canadians, Acadia was a distinct colony of New France, and was geographically and administratively separate from the French colony of Canada (modern day Quebec), which led to Acadians and Québécois developing two rather distinct histories and cultures.[3]
The settlers whose descendants became Acadians came from "all the regions of France but coming predominantly directly from the cities".[4]
Prior to the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, the Acadians lived for almost 80 years in Acadia. After the Conquest, they lived under British rule for the next forty-five years.
During the French and Indian War, British colonial officers and New England legislators and militia carried out the Great Expulsion of 1755–1763.
They deported approximately 11,500 Acadians from the maritime region. Approximately one-third perished from disease and drowning.
One historian compared this event to a contemporary ethnic cleansing, while other historians suggested that the event is comparable with other deportations in history.[5]
Many later settled in Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns. Others were transported to France[6] (but note the subsequent policies by Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere).
Later on many Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, most specifically New Brunswick.
Most who returned ended up in New Brunswick because they were barred by the British from resettling their lands and villages in the land that became Nova Scotia.
This was a British policy to assimilate them with the local populations where they resettled.
Acadians speak a dialect of French called Acadian French. Many of those in the Moncton, New Brunswick area speak Chiac and English.
The Louisiana Cajun descendants mostly speak English, with a distinct local dialect known as Cajun English being prominent, but some still speak Cajun French, a French dialect developed in Louisiana.
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